How Smoking Cessation Improves Bone Health
Smoking has long been recognized as a major risk factor for various chronic diseases, but its impact on the skeletal system is equally alarming. Beyond the well-documented harm to the…
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How Smoking Affects Bone Healing
Bone regeneration requires a finely tuned sequence of cellular and molecular events. Cigarette smoking disrupts this process at multiple levels, leading to delayed union, nonunion, and increased risk of complications….